Democrats in the state had asked the court to allow the counting of ballots that arrive up to six days after Election Day if they were postmarked by November 3.
The ruling was 5-3, coming just before the Senate voted to add Judge Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court.
Justice Elena Kagan, joined by her liberal colleagues, Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Stephen Breyer, dissented from the court's order.
Last week, the court had upheld a ruling by a state court in Pennsylvania extending the mail-in ballot deadline there.
Early voting began in Wisconsin last week, and the court's decision could impact the tally in a key battleground. Wisconsin was one of three Rust Belt states that gave President Donald Trump the White House in 2016, and he and Democratic nominee Joe Biden have made the state a frequent campaign stop.
Like other states, Wisconsin has seen a major influx of absentee ballots returned: As of October 19, Wisconsin voters had returned more than 863,000 absentee ballots, according to data from the state Elections Commission.
Difference between Pennsylvania and Wisconsin cases
Monday's order is the latest sign that the justices do not want federal courts to change voting rules too close to the election.
Unlike the Pennsylvania order last week, the Wisconsin order Monday concerned a ruling from a lower federal court, not a state court, and Chief Justice John Roberts said that made a difference.
A federal district court in Wisconsin had sided with the Democrats to allow mail-in ballots to be received up to six days after Election Day, but an appeals court blocked that order and the Supreme Court upheld the block.
The federal district court, Roberts wrote in a concurring opinion, "intervened in the thick of election season" to block a state law. He said the case represented "federal intrusion on state lawmaking processes."
The Pennsylvania case, on the other hand, concerned a decision by the state's highest court. Roberts said that decision "implicated the authority of state courts to apply their own constitutions to election regulations."
"Different bodies of law and different precedents govern these two situations and require, in these particular circumstances, that we allow the modification of election rules in Pennsylvania but not Wisconsin," Roberts wrote.
It's unclear how long the court will make that distinction now that Barrett is joining as the ninth member, said Steve Vladeck, CNN legal analyst and professor at the University of Texas School of Law.
"The only justice to view these cases differently than the ones from Pennsylvania was the Chief Justice, for whom there's apparently a categorical difference between a state Supreme Dourt extending election deadlines, which he refused to upend, and a federal district court doing the same," Vladeck said. "But the central role of the Chief Justice may well be short-lived with Justice Barrett presumably able to vote on the next set of election cases.
Getting ballots in on time, during a pandemic
In her dissent, Kagan, joined by Breyer and Sotomayor, slammed the majority as abandoning voters' rights during the pandemic.
"As the COVID pandemic rages," Kagan wrote, "the Court has failed to adequately protect the Nation's voters."
"Tens of thousands of Wisconsinites, through no fault of their own, may receive their ballots too late to return them by Election Day," she said. Quoting a dissent penned by the late Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg earlier this year, Kagan said that voters must now opt between "braving the polls with all the risk that entails, and losing their right to vote."
Voting groups in Wisconsin emphasized the importance of voters submitting their ballots in a timely manner following the decision.
Wisconsin Democratic Party Chairman Ben Wikler urged voters to hand-deliver their absentee ballots, saying that the party is "dialing up a huge voter education campaign."
The Wisconsin Elections Commission said in a statement Monday that it "has consistently advised voters to request and return their absentee ballots as quickly as possible to ensure they are received by the statutory deadline of 8 p.m. on Election Day. Tonight's ruling does nothing to change that."
This story has been updated with additional information from the ruling and comment.
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